![]() ![]() After verifying your account, you will automatically be redirected to log into your ID.me account.Click “Continue.” Please follow both sections of instructions below for this option. Select both “Authenticator App” and “Text Message or Phone Call” if you would prefer to verify through both an authenticator app and also receive a text message or phone call.Select “Text Message or Phone Call” to receive a text message or phone call.Select “Authenticator App” to use an authenticator app to scan a QR code.Please note that, at this time, you will not be able to change the option(s) you select. Next, select your preferred notification(s) for the multi-factor authentication process.Please note, if you change your email address, you will need to repeat the steps above to re-verify your account. If you need to change the email address you verified, then select “Change email” to enter a new email address. After your email address is verified, please enter the additional required information and select “Create.” It is important you remember your email address and password used for your account.If you did not receive a verification code by email, select “Send New Code” to continue with the verification process. After receiving your verification code, go back to the account log-in screen to enter the verification code and select “Verify code.”.We also encourage you to check your spam and junk folders for the email containing your verification code. The email will come from If you do not receive a verification code, verify that the email address you provided is correct. Next, check your email account for a notification containing your verification code. ![]() There are multiple online email options available at no-cost.Īfter you have completed the multi-factor authentication process, the email address you provide here will automatically be updated in your Reemployment Assistance account. If you do not have an email address or if you share an email account with another Reemployment Assistance claimant, you must create a new email address or provide a different email address before proceeding. Please note, each Reemployment Assistance account holder must have their own email address. Please enter a valid email address then select “Send Verification Code.” After selecting “Sign up now,” you will be required to provide your email address.If you have already created your multi-factor authentication log-in, please enter the email address and password you used when you created your account, and select “Sign in.”.To create a new Reemployment Assistance log-in to access your account, select “Sign up now.”.Next, you will be directed to the multi-factor authentication log-in process.Visit and select “Claimants” in the top right corner of the homepage, or click here to access your Reemployment Assistance account. ![]()
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![]() ![]() The Acorn tiny house for sale in California is perfect for the minimalist on the move. ![]() It’s made from locally sourced sugar pine, contrasted with reclaimed Redwood accents. It’s only 16’ long and off-grid capable with 1000 watts of solar panels, as well as a 3.5kw lithium battery system.Įvery inch of this tiny house is artistically crafted. If you’re looking to be mobile-ready, you’ll love the Acorn Tiny Home by Humble Handcraft. ![]() Interested in off-grid living? Check out how this woman built her own off-grid home! 4) Acorn tiny home for sale in California Contact the seller for more details here. In light of tumultuous events of the year, this tiny prepper-ready cabin is ideal for long term social distancing. Also, a 205 gallon water storage tank is located near the cabin. To accommodate your prepping needs, additional storage is available in the on-site and water-tight 45’ long semi-trailer. It’s situated on a wooded lot that comes with a well and septic system. This rustic cabin is outfitted with propane appliances, wood stove, and a solar power system. ![]() This tiny home on a foundation within the Modoc National Forest is an off-grid prepper’s paradise. These homes are under $45,000! 3) Off-Grid Prepper’s Paradise tiny home for sale in California This rustic cabin is a Prepper’s dream!ĭo you want to put down roots and embrace self-sufficient living? Interested in learning more about The Evergreen? Contact the seller here.Ĭheck out our list of 12 amazingly affordable tiny houses for sale. Most importantly for California, this tiny home is certified by Pacific West Tiny Homes. It includes lots of counter space, as well as an oven hood–critical for proper venting in a small space. What makes this tiny home truly suitable for full-time living is the cleverly placed storage throughout, from the built-in stair storage to the full-size closet space.įurther, if you love to cook, you’ll appreciate the well thought out kitchen. The Evergreen tiny house truly lives large with an efficient yet spacious feeling layout.įortunately, the asking price is inclusive of the small space furniture utilized in the living room, which provides for an ample lounge, work, and downstairs sleeping area. 2) The Evergreen The Evergreen tiny home has clever space saving features and storage.Ĭost: $50,000 cash ($60k with owner financing and a minimum $15k down payment) To learn more about The Paradise and to contact the seller, click here. The Paradise tiny house has other important design features for families with kids, like a combo washer/dryer and room for a large sofa. It also includes sleek granite counter tops with a breakfast bar for dining space. It was built custom by KJE Tiny Homes and is certified by NOAH.Ĭooking for a family requires a full-kitchen capability and storage, and this gooseneck tiny house does not sacrifice on either. This house impressively packs in two sleeping lofts with a nursery just off the master bedroom. Looking for a family-sized tiny house? The Paradise is one of the beautiful tiny houses for sale in California that tops our list. Looking for more tiny houses for sale in California?ġ) The Paradise tiny house for sale in California.10) Roanoke tiny house for sale in California.8) Tiny Red Cabin on wheels for sale in California.6) The Cedar Cottage tiny home for sale in California.5) Luxury container home of the future for sale in California.4) Acorn tiny home for sale in California.3) Off-Grid Prepper’s Paradise tiny home for sale in California.1) The Paradise tiny house for sale in California.Of note, tiny modular homes are widely accepted as accessory dwelling units across the state too.Įxplore this big list of tiny houses for sale in California. So homes with certifications help expedite the approval process tremendously.Ĭonfused? Learn more about movable tiny house parking zoning requirements here. Just keep in mind, the majority of places where you can legally park require movable tiny houses to meet RV building standards. Not surprisingly, you can choose from an array of tiny homes for sale in California, from custom professional builders and tiny homeowners. Slowly but surely, more communities are popping up too. You can get a permit to park a tiny house in backyards, in places like LA and Silicon Valley. And not a moment too soon! It’s one of the most expensive places to live in the United States. Did you know California is a national leader in legal tiny house parking?Ī growing number of cities and counties across the state are changing their zoning laws to accommodate tiny houses on wheels. ![]() ![]() Undeterred, Marriott went on to play in one more band, The Checkpoints, before meeting his date with fate and becoming a founding member of the Small Faces. ![]() He suffered a similar let-down as frontman for The Moments, a band which accrued a decent following and supported the likes of The Animals and Georgie Fame. ![]() Decca Records released his first solo single "Give Her My Regards" in 1963, but it failed to chart. This firm grounding led to TV and film roles, but music was always his passion. All three tracks were recorded at Abbey Road Studios and appear on the stage show’s album.įrom acting to record deals and the Small FacesĮncouraged by his success in Oliver!, Marriott went on to study acting at the renowned Italia Conti Academy of Theatre. During his year in the show, he provided lead vocals for Artful Dodger songs "Consider Yourself", "Be Back Soon" and "I'd Do Anything". They were still trying to find their niche when he landed a part in the musical Oliver! in the West End. The Wheels, which went on to change their name twice, ending up The Mississippi Five, initially comprised Marriott and some mates from school. Often described as ‘musically gifted’, Marriott got his first taste of show businesses at the tender age of 13.Īfter winning talent contents and building up his confidence busking on the streets near his home, he had formed his first band a year earlier. It is said that Marriott taught himself to play instruments given to him by his father. There is no doubt that this early exposure to music nurtured an organic talent. ![]() His father, who in his later years ran a jellied eel stall, tinkled the ivories to appreciative audiences in boozers around the capital. It is nothing but tragic that such a talent, inspired by the likes of his hero Buddy Holly, died at the age of 44 - not because of his well-documented excesses but in an accidental fire at his home in Essex.īorn in London in 1947, Marriott showed an early interest in singing. But they marked the achievements of someone born to sing, driven to play the guitar and, ultimately, frontman of one of the most visionary bands in Mod culture. He was also posthumously awarded the Ivor Novello Award in 1996 for his Outstanding Contribution to British Music.īoth of the accolades came long after Steve Marriott’s legendary years with the Small Faces ended. Remembered for roles as the frontman of the Small Faces and Humble Pie, it was only after his untimely death that he was enrolled into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He may well have been small in stature but his cheeky personality, colossal voice, awe-inspiring guitar playing and ability to write great songs made him a Mod icon. ![]() ![]() ![]() You can view iPhone photos directly in Finder or Windows Explorer just like in any other digital camera.Install iPhone and iPad to Mac’s Finder and Windows Explorer:. ![]() We know that your SMS and iMessage may be invaluable to you, which is why we have spent a lot of time developing the best tools to help you view, export and archive messages and attachments.These messages are replacing phone calls, voice mail and even email. In the past few years, we have seen SMS (SMS, iMessages, SMS, etc.) quickly spread. Export iPhone SMS: Call them as you like.Want to transfer more than just a few tracks? With just one click, iExplorer 4 Regsitration Code 2020 can instantly rebuild the entire playlist or use the automatic transfer function and copy all content from the device to iTunes.You can search and preview specific songs, and then copy them to iTunes by touching a button or dragging and dropping.iExplorer Crack Windows 10 Download enables you to easily transfer music from any iPhone, iPod or iPad to Mac or PC computer and iTunes.You can also download Syncios Data Transfer Crack iExplorer Key Features: You can use drag and drop to add or remove files and folders from your iPhone. iExplorer Full Version Crack Serial Key is an iPhone or iPad Explorer file that runs on both Mac and computer and allows you to browse files and folders on your iPhone. This app is compatible with all iPhones and iPads, including iPhone 7 and iOS 10. IExplorer 4.4.1 Registration Code For Mac and Windows is a complete management software for iPhone, iPad and iPad that allows you to use the iPhone and iPad disk modes as flash drives. ![]() It’s lightweight, quick to install, free to try, 70x times faster than the competition, and more resource efficient. The iExplorer Registration Code can transfer music, messages, photos, files and any other content from any iPhone, iPod, iPad or iTunes backup to any Mac or PC computer. IExplorer 4.4.1 Crack Free Download is the ultimate iPhone manager. ![]() ![]() So why does the Escape PHEV’s engine fire up even when it’s got a full charge and it’s relatively warm outside? A Ford spokesperson confirmed to some of the various reasons. 2021 Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid | photo by Aaron Bragman It’s a maddeningly frustrating experience for someone expecting all-electric operation. All-Electric Operation - When It Wants Toĭespite there being an EV mode for our Escape, while it was selected, the gas engine still fired up on its own for any of nearly a dozen reasons, canceling EV mode even when there’s no apparent reason for it. For PHEVs, our normal course of testing is to do a specific electric-range test with the vehicle in EV-only mode, comparing our results with the official EPA rating, but we weren’t able to do that with the Escape Plug-In Hybrid for one simple reason: Its EV-only mode isn’t actually an EV-only mode. For comparison, the 2021 Toyota RAV4 Prime is rated at 42 miles of range but only 38 mpg combined when operating in gas mode, while the new 2022 Hyundai Tucson PHEV is rated at 33 miles of EV range and just 35 mpg in gas mode. Its official efficiency rating is 105 mpg-equivalent, 40 mpg combined in gasoline mode - not bad given the regular front-drive Escape hybrid’s combined rating is just 1 mpg better. How efficient is it? The EPA says it can go 37 miles on electric power before the gas engine kicks in, pushing it to a total range of 520 miles on a full tank of regular 87-octane gasoline. It’s no rocket ship like the Toyota RAV4 Prime, but that’s just because Ford approached the Escape Plug-In Hybrid with a different mentality. The system blends electric and gas operations quite well, providing an excellent combination of usable power and efficient propulsion for daily commuting. It’s more than adequately powered to keep up with everyday traffic, however, and it motors along quietly when in EV mode and when, at highway speeds, the hybrid system decides it doesn’t need the engine and shuts it off for cruising. The electric traction motor isn’t big, and in order to keep it EV-only, you have to go pretty light on the accelerator. If you keep it in EV mode, though, acceleration is tepid. Making just a combined 200 horsepower, it’s still pretty zippy thanks to the nature of electric motors: All of the torque is available right off the line, making acceleration brisk when you’ve got the whole hybrid system engaged. It combines a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine with an electrified continuously variable automatic transmission that drives only the front wheels all-wheel drive is not an option despite it being available on the regular hybrid Escape. ![]() ![]() The Escape Plug-In Hybrid is a compact SUV powered by a gas-electric hybrid system. Related: 2020 Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid: Best-in-Class Equivalent Fuel Economy, Decent EV Driving Range Efficient Hybrid Motoring So, what’s got me all riled up about this Escape? That’s why vehicles like the 2021 Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid exist: They boast fantastic hybridlike fuel economy, and if your commute is short, you can manage it without ever using a drop of gasoline the Escape PHEV variant’s official electric range is 37 miles.įord’s newest PHEV is not, however, without its quirks, some of which are sure to confound and infuriate plug-in hybrid fans like myself. These vehicles usually provide the best of both worlds: fully electric operation for a limited distance - giving drivers with a short commute and a home charger the ability to run mostly gas-free - and the ability to drive to the next city and beyond with minimal stopping and quick refueling. Versus the competition: The philosophy behind the Escape Plug-In Hybrid - efficiency alone - is very different from the Toyota RAV4 Prime, which emphasizes performance along with efficiency.ĭespite the recent proliferation of full battery-electric vehicles (BEVs, in car-speak) from all manner of automakers, plug-in hybrids (or PHEVs) also continue to appear for people who aren’t quite ready to take the plunge into full electrification. The verdict: There’s no denying its efficiency, but the 2021 Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid’s eagerness to randomly fire up its gas engine will infuriate anyone hoping for a more consistent electric-driving experience. ![]() ![]() In terms of his ex-net wife’s worth, as of 2021, she is projected to have amassed a net worth of roughly $6 million due to his successful profession. However, he has not disclosed his actual net worth, income, or other assets in the media. Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Christopher Harvest in 2023Ĭhristopher may have amassed a sizable fortune during his work. Must read: Samantha Strong Bio, Age, Height, Weight, Career, and Net Worth Quick Bio / Wiki Real Name/Full Name In 2016, she was nominated for a CinemaCon Award for Independence Day: Resurgence’s Ensemble of the Universe. For Soul Food, she won the Black Film Award for Best Actress (1997). However, the couple eventually divorced in 2002. Gary Gray’s Set It Off both were box office hits.Īdditionally, she has garnered several distinctions. Christopher Harvest is currently divorced. In 1996, she began her acting career with roles in Roland Emmerich’s Independence Day and F. She co-starred in the romantic drama film Why Do Fools Fall in Love with Lela Rochon, Larenz Tate, Halle Berry, and others in the same year. She began her career on daytime television serials Days of Our Lives (1988) and Generations (19891991) before moving to prime time to co-star in the NBC comedy Out All Night (1992–1993) starring Patti LaBelle. Vivica Fox, his ex-wife, convinced her to join Soul Train. He does sing for a living and is a well-known professional vocalist. Fox is an American actress, producer, and television personality. Christopher Harvest Professional CareerĬhristopher finds himself in the public limelight following his marriage to now-ex-wife Vivica Fox. Similarly, He earned the CinemaCon Award for Ensemble of the Universe in 2016 for Independence Day: Resurgence. He earned the 1997 Black Film Award for Best Actress for Soul Food (1997). Gary Gray’s Set It Off.Īdditionally, He has received various honors. She made her acting debut in 1996 with parts in Roland Emmerich’s Independence Day and F. That same year, He featured Lela Rochon, Larenz Tate, Halle Berry, and others in the romantic drama film Why Do Fools Fall in Love. In 1988, He started her acting career as Carmen Silva on the NBC daytime serial opera Days of Our Lives. Fox is a well-known actress, producer, and television personality from the United States. At the moment, it seems as if he chooses to maintain a low profile, and hence there is little information accessible on his present whereabouts.Ĭhristopher is thrust into the public spotlight after his marriage to Vivica Fax. The pair eventually separated and divorced in 2002. Fox, a well-known actress, and television personality. He works as a vocalist, model, and singer. Fox by Slisha Wed Updated On Sat Christopher Harvest is mainly known to be the ex-husband of a talented actress, producer, and television star, Vivica A. Fox Who is Christopher Harvest Ex-husband Of Vivica A. We will surely update this post when we get some info! Christopher Harvest Personal LifeĬhristopher Harvest is a divorced guy at the moment. biography Who is Christopher Harvest Ex-husband Of Vivica A. Nothing much is known about Christopher Harvest’s educational background. There is no info about Christopher Harvest’s birth date. He stands at 6 feet and weighs around 86kg. Must read: Raquel Greenup Bio, Age, Height, Weight, Career, and Net Worth Christopher Harvest Age, Height, Weight & Body Measurement Christopher Harvest Ex WifeĬhristopher Harvest belongs to American nationality. Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Christopher Harvest in 2023Ĭhristopher keeps a low profile, which means that facts about his family, including his parents and siblings, are being withheld at present.Christopher Harvest Professional Career.In addition, Harvest is a singer and model. Christopher Harvest Age, Height, Weight & Body Measurement Christopher Harvest is well-known as an Ex-spouse of Vivica A.The picture was shot at a "Dancing with the Stars" after-party on Nov. The source of the photograph was found on Getty Images. We clicked through all 82 pages so our readers don't have to. However, we found no mention of Carlson or Fox on any of the 82 pages. We spotted Richard Gere, Pat Sajak, Willie Nelson, and a whole lot of other prominent celebrities. ![]() ![]() It led to a story with the headline: "These 41 Celebrity Couples Are Living Proof That True Love Exists No Matter How Famous They Are." The article spanned 82 pages, and purportedly documented 82 couples, not 41, who were romantically involved. The ad read: "At 51, This Is Tucker Carlson's Better Half." It claimed to be sponsored by a website named "Sport Pirate." Carlson was 52 years old at the time the ad was displayed, not 51. However, in this context it was highly misleading. This is a real photograph of Carlson and Fox. ![]() ![]() Sergei was able to create a much nicer function therefore, I have used Sergei’s formula below. I created something that worked but was hideous to read. I must give thanks to Sergei Baklan for helping with this formula.Using a LAMBDA (advanced)Īre you thinking: “Do we really need to use that extra column in the Table? Can’t we just create one formula to handle this?”. Now, start clicking on the Slicer as the selection changes, so does the returned array. To learn more about the FILTER function, check out this post: FILTER function in Excel This formula returns an array of all items in the List column where the corresponding value in the Include column is equal to 1 (i.e., only the visible rows). The formula in Cell C5 is: =FILTER(List,List=1) We will use the FILTER function to return only the visible rows from the Table, which is only those with 1 in the Include column. The next step is to get the plumbing to work between the Table and a formula. The Insert Slicers dialog box will openĬlicking the Slicer will filter the Table.Let’s create the Slicer to use with our data. The formula in Cell C3 is: we are using an Excel Table, the formulas copy down into each row automatically Create the Slicer Of course, we can’t see the hidden rows, so we can’t see the result of the formula, but the hidden rows are 0 (I promise). This method returns 1 for each visible row, or 0 for a hidden row. Instead of using SUBTOTAL for the total, let’s add a column called Include and use SUBTOTAL on each line. The first argument of 103 tells SUBTOTAL to count cells while ignoring hidden rows is the Table name. The formula in Cell B11 is: =SUBTOTAL(103,) Notice that the total at the bottom changes from 8 when unfiltered, to 3 when we have selected 3 items. If we filter the Table, the total changes. The total counts the number of visible rows. The screenshot below shows a Table with the COUNTA, visible cells only, version of the SUBTOTAL function at the bottom. But if you want to know more, here are some useful references:įor our example, we will use the SUBTOTAL function. We will not go into SUBTOTAL or AGGREGATE in detail in this post. I believe there are only two SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE. ![]() In Excel, there are special functions that only calculate on visible rows. This is a Table called List, with a single column, also called List. The data used in the example is as follows: ![]() But like most things in Excel, the skill is knowing how to connect features together. So, let’s see how we can use a Table in a new way to get around this limitation. Slicers are compatible with PivotTables, PivotCharts, Cube formulas, and Tables…but not standard formulas. ![]() When a user clicks on a slicer button, the results change to include only those selected items. Slicers are an excellent tool for adding interactivity. This method uses only an Excel Table and dynamic array functions. Today, I want to bring you a cleaner option for using slicers with formulas. That method used a dummy PivotTable, to act as the criteria for the formulas to calculate on. If the use case calls for it, you could even hide the entire filter panel altogether using the same eye icon at the top.A few years back, I created a YouTube video about using slicers with formulas in Excel. Now, when you’ve shared the dashboard with the end user either in the workspace or a workspace app, the entire sheet will show just the US market, and they won’t be able to make any adjustments to that filter. Locking the filter without hiding it will still allow the end user to see that the filter is applied however, they won’t be able to edit it. You can apply that filter to the necessary sheet and then either lock the filter from being edited or hide it together from the end user.Īll you have to do is simply drag the field onto the filter panel, make the selection, and then click on the lock or the eye icon (or both). Say you’re a developer building a sales dashboard and would like one of the sheets in the workbook to be filtered to just the US market. Let’s explore the perspective of the developer in more detail with an example. ![]() Second, developers find filters to be helpful when they want to filter elements of the dashboard before sharing them with the end users. First and foremost, end users can expand the filter panel to display the available filters and then filter the data accordingly. Filters are useful for two distinct groups of people. ![]() ![]() ![]() These contracts were competitively procured via the Navy Electronic Commerce Online website, with 612 offers received and 464 contracts awarded. The awards will have four-year periods of performance. Under these multiple award contracts, each contractor will be provided a fair opportunity to compete for individual task orders solicited within their zone or zones of performance. These awards contain provisions to set aside requirements for small businesses, service disabled veteran owned small businesses, 8a business development program and historically under-utilized business zone small businesses. The SeaPort-e acquisition is comprised of seven regional zones in which task orders will be competed based upon the principal place of performance. The award of these contracts is a result of the SeaPort-e Rolling Admissions solicitation. The government estimates a maximum of $5,300,000,000 of services will be procured per year via orders issued under the SeaPort-e multiple award contracts. These contracts are in addition to the existing 2,420 contracts previously awarded under the SeaPort Enhanced (SeaPort-e) acquisition program for services procurements. The 22 functional service areas within the scope of the contracts include: 1) research and development support 2) engineering system engineering and process engineering support 3) modeling, simulation, stimulation and analysis support 4) prototyping, pre-production, model-making and fabric support 5) system design documentation and technical data support 6) software engineering, development, programming and network support 7) reliability, maintainability and availability support 8) human factors, performance and usability engineering support 9) system safety engineering support 10) configuration management support 11) quality assurance support 12) information system development, information assurance and information technology support 13) ship inactivation and disposal support 14) interoperability, test and evaluation, trials support 15) measurement facilities, range and instrumentation support 16) acquisition logistics support 17) supply and provisioning support 18) training support 19) in-service engineering, fleet introduction, installation and checkout support 20) program support 21) functional and administrative support and 22) public affairs and multimedia support. The Navy is awarding indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity, multiple-award contracts to 464 contractors that will provide for their competition for service requirements solicited by Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Air Systems Command, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Naval Supply Systems Command, Military Sealift Command, Naval Facilities Command, Strategic Systems Programs, Office of Naval Research and the Marine Corps. ![]() ![]() Some popular cable manufacturers also use this high strand count but they will cost you about double our prices simply because they sell through distributors and retailers. ![]() In contrast, ours utilizes 63 individual strands of 99.99% oxygen free cable. Typical C元-rated 14 gauge speaker cable that you'll find at consumer electronics stores is manufactured with a strand count of 16. So the more individual strands used, the greater the available surface area, and thus less signal loss. Electrons will follow the path of least resistance which tends to be on the surface area of the copper. It is also important to know the number of individual strands that are used to produce the overall gauge. While using thicker cable will, in theory, produce less signal loss, the difference is so insignificant that your ears will likely not be able to tell the difference. ![]() We recommend using 14 gauge cable because it offers the best performance to cost ratio. Generally speaking, thicker cable will result in less signal loss over a given length. The lower the gauge, the thicker the cable, e.g. Speaker cable is made of individual strands of copper that are twisted together to result in the cable's thickness, or gauge. Two 2-conductor cables are then used to continue the signal from the volume control to each speaker (one to the left speaker and one to the right speaker). ![]() The other two cables continue (uncut) to the end of the cable to be stripped and connected to the second speaker.Ĥ-conductor cable is also often used to run from your amplifier to a stereo volume control. Then, cut and strip two of the conductors for the first speaker (+ and -). At the first speaker, you will strip back the outer protective jacket to reveal all four conductors inside. Run this 4-conductor cable (+ and - for Left + and - for Right) to a pair of speakers by running one cable to the first speaker and then continuing to the second. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Theories on substance-related addiction (reward deficiency hypotheses, incentive-sensitization theory, impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (I-RISA) ) stress the role of the prefrontal cortex and the mesolimbic reward system (especially the ventral striatum) in the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), gambling disorder is classified under “substance-related and addictive disorders.” Because this disorder shares clinical characteristics, as well as common cognitive and personality features, neurobiologic processes, and genetic vulnerability, with substance use disorders, it has been considered a behavioral addiction. Gambling disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by maladaptive and excessive gambling behavior. This review focuses on brain imaging studies of reward and loss processing, with an emphasis on loss avoidance and aversion as well as brain volume and functional connectivity in gambling disorder. However, only a few studies on brain structure and functional connectivity in gambling disorder have been performed so far. Because the brain is a complex network, investigation of alterations in functional connectivity has gained interest among gambling disorder researchers in order to get a more complete picture of functional brain changes in people with gambling disorder. Because gambling disorder might be considered an addiction in its “pure” form, i.e., without the influence of a drug of abuse, investigating brain volume changes in people with this behavioral addiction is an important task for neuroimaging researchers in exploring the neural signatures of addiction. Therefore, special forms of reward (i.e., gain/loss) processing, such as the processing of loss avoidance and loss aversion, have just recently attracted attention among gambling disorder researchers. ![]() However, the gambling disorder symptom “chasing one’s losses” is the only criterion absent from substance use disorder. Gambling disorder recently was reclassified under the category “substance-related and addictive disorders.” With regard to the diagnostic criteria, it overlaps a great deal with substance use disorder, i.e., loss of control, craving/withdrawal, and neglect of other areas of life. ![]() |
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